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Introduction to Jira Epic

The Jira Epic is nothing but a big user story or task or issue or requirement of the software application that can be divided into multiple sub tasks or smaller user story based on the customer needs in Jira. The epic contains the stories, bugs and tasks as a small/single piece of work where as the epic indicates the group of pieces of work. It is also a high level work hierarchy which includes multiple teams with multiple sprints and organize the work flow inside the software application development.

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How do Jira Epic works?

The working principle of the jira epic consists of following stages.

Creating of an Epic

Add stories to an Epic

Remove stories from an Epic

Viewing of all your Epics

Ending or Completing your Epic

How to Create Epic in Jira using various Methods?

There are mainly two methods to create an epic in Jira tool.

Create an Epic from New Issue Tab

Create an Epic from the Epics Panel Link

1. Create an Epic from New Issue Tab

There are following steps that are involved to create an epic from the new issue tab i.e. “Create” icon.

Step 2: To fill the Project Name, Issue type as Epic, Epic Name, and Summary for Epic.

2. Create an Epic from the Epics Panel Link

There are following steps involved to create an epic from the Epics Panel Link on the dashboard.

How to View an Epic in Jira?

We can view all the epics or related issues in Jira by using following ways:

In list of Epics: The Epics link provides/display the all epics related to your software application development.

Various Epic Operation in Jira

There are some extra epic operations involved in Jira tool.

For removing an issue from the epic, we go to the “Backlog” tab and drag & drop the selected issue to the “issues without epics” tab.

2. Viewing the Summary of an Epic: Here we can check details regarding the particular epic in terms of project name, sprint name, start date, end date and any sub task related to it. The completion of the sub task is must for the completion of Epic.

3. Monitoring the Status of an Epic: It helps to monitoring the progress of work in terms of tracking incomplete tasks and work flow of the team.

4. Complete your Epic: When all related task of the epic will complete then we change the status of this particular epic to in “DONE” state. It indicates that the epic will completed or ended. For that operation epic which you want to be completed, put status as “DONE”. Then the epic will completed.

Conclusion

In this above article, we briefly discuss the Epics in Jira tool and how it helps to our software application development. It also describes how we can create, operate, view and end the epic through various procedures in Jira tool. The epic having multiple stories with multiple sprints depending upon the customer needs having a distinct starting and ending period. It is an important parameter to develop the software application and the Jira tool properly handled it.

Learn The Various Methods Of Powershell Join

Introduction to PowerShell Join

The join cmdlet is used to join multiple strings into a single string. The order in which the multiple strings are retained during the concatenation operation is the same order in which they are passed to the cmdlet. Join cmdlet is also used to covert text that is present in pipeline objects into a single string value. This article will explain in detail about join cmdlet in PowerShell, its syntax and usage along with appropriate examples.

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The basic syntax of the join operator is as follows

Where string1, string2 and string3 represent the various strings that needs to be merged. The delimiter represents the character that should be present between the strings that are concatenated. If no value is specified, the “” is used by PowerShell.

The following are the other available syntax

For the Join-String cmdlet, the default separator that is used by PowerShell is $OFS if the user doesn’t specify any value. If a property name is specified, then that property’s value can be converted to a string and subsequently concatenated to a string. A script block can also be used in place of a property name. If that is done, then the script block’s result is converted to a string before concatenation. This cmdlet is the latest and was released as part of PowerShell version 6.2

When the comma has used a delimiter with the join operator, the join operator is given a higher priority. In that case, only the first string is considered, in order to avoid that the strings must be enclosed in parentheses.

Example:

Input:

Output:

onetwothreefourfive

Parameters:

DoubleQuote:

This parameter is used to encapsulate each pipeline objects string value inside double quotes. The datatype of this parameter is switch and its default value is false. This parameter doesn’t accept pipeline input and wildcard characters are also not accepted.

FormatString:

This denotes the format structure of the item. The datatype of this parameter is string. None is the default value of this parameter. This parameter doesn’t accept pipeline input and wildcard characters are also not accepted. This is an optional parameter.

InputObject:

This denotes the input texts that are to be joined. It can either be a variable or a command object. The datatype of this parameter is PSObject[]. This parameter’s default value is none. This parameter accepts pipeline input whereas wildcard characters are not allowed. This is an optional parameter.

OutputPrefix:

This denotes the text that will be inserted before the result. It can contain special characters such as newline or a tab. The datatype of this parameter is string. It can be referred using its alias, op. None is the default value of this parameter. This parameter doesn’t accept pipeline input and wildcard characters are also not accepted. This is an optional parameter.

OutputSuffix:

This denotes the text that will be inserted after the result. . It can contain special characters such as newline or a tab. The datatype of this parameter is string. It can be referred using its alias, os. None is the default value of this parameter. This parameter doesn’t accept pipeline input and wildcard characters are also not accepted. This is an optional parameter.

Property:

Separator:

This denotes the character that needs to be inserted between the text that are joined from the pipeline object. It is generally a comma(,) or a semicolon (; ). It is placed at the number one position. None is its default value. Both pipeline input and wild card characters aren’t accepted. This is a mandatory parameter.

SingleQuote:

This parameter is used to wrap the output string value from pipeline object inside single quote. Its datatype is switch. None is its default value. Both pipeline input and wild card characters aren’t accepted. This is an optional parameter.

UseCulture:

This uses the current culture’s separator as the value of the item delimiter. To find this information, Get-Culture).TextInfo.ListSeparator is used. The datatype of this parameter is switch. None is its default value. Both pipeline input and wild card characters aren’t accepted. This is an optional parameter.

Example:

$stringa,$stringb -join “`n”

Output:

Conclusion Recommended Articles

This is a guide to PowerShell join. Here we discuss how can PowerShell join achieved using various methods and also explained the various parameters. You may also look at the following article to learn more –

How To Create Quick Presentation Using Evernote

Doing presentation has become part of modern daily life, from a common school project to a multi-million dollar business deal, presentations are involved in one way or the other. The most common way of presenting today is using presentation-making software such as Microsoft’s PowerPoint or Apple’s Keynote. The process requires you to compile your materials to the software one slide at a time. But if you use Evernote to collect the materials, you can turn them into cool presentations without having to rely on another software.

Getting Started

First, let’s clarify that turning your notes into presentations is a feature available for Evernote Premium users only. With that being said, we can begin with the first step.

This mode is also available in the mobile version but with only one customization option: switching between night and day mode. To open Presentation Mode on Evernote Mobile, tap the “More” button on the bottom bar, and choose “Present.”

To move forward through your presentation, you can use the “Spacebar” (or “Shift + Spacebar” to go back). You can also use the arrows keys to do the same.

Customizing the Display

There are only a few customizations that you can do since the goal of Evernote’s presentation mode is to create a quick presentation and not a flashy one. To access these Settings, move your pointer to the top right corner of the screen.

The first one is adjusting the Font size (Control + F). There are three available sizes: small, medium, and large.

The second option is toggling between Day/Night Mode (Control + N) to use a bright/dark background for the display. The night mode is easier on the eyes if you do your presentation in a room with less light.

And the last option is to choose Pointer Color (Control + P). The available choices are Blue, Red, and Green.

Creating Slides

Instead of going through your note continuously in the presentation, you can break it into “slides” to go one segment at a time.

To do that, move your pointer to the top left of the screen and choose “Presentation Layout” (Control + L).

Evernote is smart enough to detect paragraphs and different kinds of content, like images and videos, to suggest possible locations to break your note.

Linking Notes

From my experiments, it took me about one minute to turn my note into a minimalist and cool presentation. It would take at least fifteen minutes to make the same presentation using another tool.

Jeffry Thurana

Jeffry Thurana is a creative writer living in Indonesia. He helps other writers and freelancers to earn more from their crafts. He’s on a quest of learning the art of storytelling, believing that how you tell a story is as important as the story itself. He is also an architect and a designer, and loves traveling and playing classical guitar.

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How To Create Graphs In Excel?

Types of Graphs in Excel

We have seen multiple uses of Excel in our professional lives; it helps us analyze, sort, and extract insights from data. One feature of Excel helps us put insights gained from our data into a visual form. This feature helps us display data in an easy to understand pictorial format. We are talking about graphs in Excel. Excel supports most of the commonly used graphs in statistics.

Creating different types of graphs in Excel according to our data is very easy and convenient when it comes to analysis, comparing datasets, presentations, etc. In this article, we will discuss the six most commonly used types of graphs in Excel. We will also discuss selecting the correct graph type for some data.

Common Types of Graphs in Excel

The most common types of graphs used in Excel are:

Pie Graph

Column Graph

Line Graph

Area Graph

Scatter Graph

Let’s understand Excel’s different types of graphs and how to create them. We will start with a few examples of types of graphs in Excel.

You can download this Types of Graphs Excel Template here – Types of Graphs Excel Template

1. The Pie Graph

As the name suggests, the pie graph displays data as a pie or circle. This graph type is used for showing the proportions of a whole. For example, if we want to compare who did how much work in a team, we would use a pie graph to display it in an easy way to understand.

So our data looks like this:

It would now look like this:

We can also use different types of pie graphs, such as a 3D pie graph, pie of pie, bar of pie, or doughnut graph, to represent the same data.

2. The Column or Bar Graph

The next one in the list is a column graph, also called a bar graph in statistics. We use these different types of graphs to see and compare values across a range. The same data that we used in the pie graph example would look like this:

Different bar graphs are available in Excel, such as stacked columns, 100% stacked column, 3D columns, etc. These types of graphs can be used for expanded datasets. For example, we have been working with only two columns in the last two examples, now; if we want to include the hours worked as a third column and compare the hours worked with the number of datasets visually, we can either use a stacked column or a 100% stacked column which would look like this:

The difference between these is that while a stacked column represents actual values, a 100% stacked column represents the values as percentages. There are 3D version as well as horizontal versions of these graphs in Excel.

3. The Line Graph

The next type of graph we are going to discuss is called a line graph. This type of graph is used when we need to visualize data like an increasing or decreasing series over a period. This is an excellent Excel graph for representing trends and comparing performance. For example, if we wanted to see how the current rise compares to the last raise for different people in the earlier examples, we would get something like this:

We can see that Rohit is the only one whose pay raise has increased, while other’s pay raise percentages have remained constant over the last year. We have different line graphs or line graphs available in excel, such as stacked and 100% stacked lines.

Stacked lines like stacked columns represent percentages instead of actual values.

4. The Area Graph

The area graph is available within the line graph menu. This is used for the same purpose as the line graph, which visualizes trends and compares data. In this example, we represent the relationship between the number of datasets worked on by an analyst and the number of hours they worked.

The stacked area graph on the right is used to draw attention to the difference in magnitude of the two categories and displays the values as percentages.

5. The Scatter Graph

The Scatter graph is a simple representation of data points in Excel. It is used when we need to compare at least two sets of data with a limited number of data points.

Many more types of graphs are available in Excel, such as Hierarchy graph, Radar graph, Waterfall graph, and Combo graphs which are combinations of two or more graphs. All these are used based on specific conditions fulfilled by the data, such as the type of data, the number of data points, etc.

How to Create Graphs in Excel?

Now that we have gone through a few examples of types of graphs in Excel, we will learn how to make these graphs. The same procedure is used to make all the graphs. They are enumerated sequentially below:

1. First, choose the data you want to represent in the graph. In this case, we will select Analyst and Datasets from the practice table:

3. Select the required graph from the different types of graphs; in this case, we are making a bar graph which is a horizontal column graph, but you can select any graph that suits the data you are working on:

Things to Remember

Know your data before making a graph. A type of graph that may suit a time series may not be suitable for a set of unpatterned data.

Sort the data before making graphs.

Do not use unnecessary styling while making the graph.

How To Measure Execution Time In R (5 Methods + Examples)

Measuring the execution time is common in programming to get a better idea of how a program or a part of the code is performing.

This is a comprehensive guide to measuring the elapsed time in R. In this guide, there are some built-in mechanisms and examples of popular libraries’ ways of computing the execution times.

Here’s a short overview of the approaches you will learn in this guide:

Sys.time()

system.time()

Tictoc library

Microbenchmark Library

Rbenchmark Library

Let’s take a closer look at these methods and see some examples.

Method 1: Use Sys.time()

An easy way to measure the execution time of a piece of code is by using the built-in Sys.time() function.

To measure the execution time with the Sys.time() function:

Call Sys.time() before the part of code you want to measure and store the time instance into a variable.

Run the piece of code whose execution time you want to measure.

Call Sys.time() again and store the time instance to a variable.

Subtract the last Sys.time() call from the first Sys.time() call. This returns a description of the time difference between these two instances of time.

Here’s an example code where I measure the time of a function called example_func:

example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(5) } start <- Sys.time() example_func() end <- Sys.time() print(end - start)

Output:

Time difference of 5.000719 secs Method 2: Use system.time()

Another way to measure the execution time in R is by using the system.time() function. Unlike the Sys.time() function, the system.time() function takes an expression, evaluates it, and measures the elapsed time.

Here’s an example of measuring how long it takes to run an example function:

example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(5) } system.time({example_func()})

Output:

user system elapsed 0.001 0.000 5.018

But what do these values mean? To put it short, the elapsed column reveals the time it took to run your code.

Here’s a more specific breakdown of the returned values:

user. This is the user CPU time spent by the current R session.

system. This is the system CPU time that the operating system spent on behalf of the current process.

elapsed. The execution time of the actual code you are measuring.

Method 3: Use tictoc Library

Thus far, you’ve seen examples of measuring the execution time with built-in mechanisms. Sometimes using an external library to measure elapsed time can be handy as it makes code readable and intuitive.

One example of such a library is the tictoc library.

Notice that you need to install the tictoc library first before you can use it.

The idea of the tictoc function is to make measuring the elapsed time easy and readable:

Call tic() to start the clock.

Run some code.

Call toc() to stop the clock.

Calling toc() shows the elapsed time in the console.

Here’s an example of measuring the execution time of a sample function in R:

library(tictoc) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(3.5) } tic() example_func() toc()

Output:

3.525 sec elapsed Method 4: Use microbenchmark Library

Another library you might want to consider to measure the execution time of your program is the microbenchmark library.

To then use this library to measure the elapsed time, you need to run code inside the microbenchmark() function call.

This function not only returns the time it took to execute your code but also some useful details, such as minimum time, maximum time, median elapsed time, and such based on the numerous runs the function performs.

For example:

library(microbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.1) } microbenchmark(example_func())

Output:

Unit: milliseconds expr min lq mean median uq max neval example_func() 100.1813 100.4506 101.3933 100.5973 100.8105 142.5669 100

Let’s take a quick look at the returned values:

expr is the code expression you want to find the execution time for.

min is the minimum amount of time it took to run the code out of the numerous tries.

lq is the lower quartile, that is, 25% of the runs took at most this amount of time to run.

mean is the average execution time.

median is the median time it took to run the code.

uq is the upper quartile, that is, 75% of the runs took at most this amount of time to run.

max is the maximum amount of time that the code ran.

neval is the number of evaluations which is 100 by default.

To change the number of times the code is timed, specify the optional times parameter in the microbenchmark() function call.

For example, let’s only do 10 runs:

library(microbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.1) } microbenchmark(example_func(), times=10)

Output:

Unit: milliseconds expr min lq mean median uq max neval example_func() 100.3563 100.6037 103.1201 100.6237 100.7375 125.16 10

Using the microbenchmark library offers a great replacement for the system.time() function thanks to the level of detail it gives you about the code execution.

Method 5: Use rbenchmark Library

rbenchmark is another useful timing library for measuring execution times. rbenchmark is a great alternative to the system.time() function is the rbenchmark library.

Once again, you need to install this library before using it!

Very similar to the previous examples, the rbenchmark library comes with a built-in timing function, benchmark(). This function takes the piece of code you want to time as an argument. It then returns a bunch of data related to the runs it performed.

Notice that this method returns the total amount of time elapsed. By default, the function runs your code 100 times. So for example, if your code takes 1 second to run, this method returns an elapsed time of 100 seconds because it runs the code 100 times.

For example, let’s measure the execution time of an example function.

library(rbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.2) } benchmark(example_func())

Output:

test replications elapsed relative chúng tôi sys.self 1 example_func() 100 20.183 1 0.1 0

As another example, let’s change the number of runs to 10 from the 100 default:

library(rbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.2) } benchmark(example_func(), replications=10)

Output:

test replications elapsed relative chúng tôi sys.self 1 example_func() 10 2.036 1 0.02 0 Summary

Today you learned how to measure the execution time of your program in R.

A simple and native way to measure elapsed time is by using the system.time() function or the Sys.time() function.

If you want to make the code more clean, you use the tictoc library. It makes computing the execution time easy by using the tic() and toc() function calls.

To get more details about the elapsed time, you can use a library like rbenchmark or microbenchmark.

Thanks for reading. Happy coding!

What Are Various Path Elements In Javafx?

The javafx.scene.shape package provides classes using which you can draw various 2D shapes, but these are just primitive shapes like line, circle, polygon, and ellipse, etc… Therefore, if you want to draw complex custom shapes you need to use the Path class.

The Path Class

The Path class represents the geometrical outline of a shape using this class you can draw your custom path.

To draw a custom path JavaFX provides various path elements and, all these are available as classes in the javafx.scene.shape package.

LineTo − This is class represents the path element line. It helps you to draw a straight line from the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

HlineTo − This is class represents the path element horizontal line. It helps you to draw a horizontal line form the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

VLineTo − This is class represents the path element vertical line. It helps you to draw a vertical line from the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

QuadCurveTo − This is class represents the path element quadratic curve. It helps you to draw a quadratic curve form the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

CubicCurveTo − This is class represents the path element cubic curve. It helps you to draw a cubic curve form the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

ArcTo − This is class represents the path element arc. It helps you to draw an arc from the current coordinates to the specified (new) coordinates.

MoveTo − Using this class you can move the path from the current coordinates to new coordinates.

Creating a path using the path elements

The Path class contains an observable list which holds the path elements of the current path. Therefore to draw a path −

Instantiate the required PathElement classes.

Set the properties of each path using the setter methods or, pass them as arguments to the constructor.

Instantiate the Path class.

Get the observable list object of the above-created Path using the getElements() method.

Add all the path element objects to the observable list in the desired order using add() or, addAll() methods.

Finally, add the path to the Group object.

Note − You can also pass the path elements to the constructor of the Path class.

Example

Following JavaFX example creates a path using the LineTo path element −

import javafx.application.Application; import javafx.scene.Group; import javafx.scene.Scene; import javafx.scene.paint.Color; import javafx.stage.Stage; import javafx.scene.shape.LineTo; import javafx.scene.shape.MoveTo; import javafx.scene.shape.Path; public class PathElementsExample extends Application { public void start(Stage stage) { MoveTo moveTo = new MoveTo(208, 71); LineTo line1 = new LineTo(421, 161); LineTo line2 = new LineTo(226,232); LineTo line3 = new LineTo(332,52); LineTo line4 = new LineTo(369, 250); LineTo line5 = new LineTo(208, 71); Path path = new Path(moveTo, line1, line2, line3, line4, line5); path.setFill(Color.DARKCYAN); path.setStrokeWidth(8.0); path.setStroke(Color.DARKSLATEGREY); Group root = new Group(path); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 595, 300, Color.BEIGE); stage.setTitle("Drawing an arc through a path"); stage.setScene(scene); stage.show(); } public static void main(String args[]){ launch(args); }

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