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Introduction to PyTorch PadThe pyTorch pad is the function available in the torch library whose fully qualifies name containing classes and subclasses names is
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torch.nn.functional.pad (inputs, padding, mode = "constant", value = 0.0)It is used for assigning necessary padding to the tensor. In this article, we will try to dive into the topic of PyTorch padding and let ourselves know about PyTorch pad overviews, how to use PyTorch pad, PyTorch pad sequences, PyTorch pad Parameters, PyTorch pad example, and a Conclusion about the same.
PyTorch pad overviewsThe pyTorch pad is used for adding the extra padding to the sequences and the input tensors for the specified size so that the tensor can be used in neural network architecture. In the case of string values, the information is mostly provided in the natural language processing, which cannot be directly used as input to the neural network. For this, the padding is added. So that the batch can be maximized to the largest dimension value and cover the empty spaces of each patch with the padding value. Most of the time, the value of padding used is 0 (zero).
Also, it would help if you kept in mind that when you use the CUDA backend, the pad operation will add a completely non-deterministic behavior. This behavior can not be switched off easily. You can refer to this link for additional details about the background reproducibility.
How to use PyTorch pad?We can use the PyTorch pad by using the function definition specified above. Also, there are certain factors related to the padding that will help you to understand how padding will happen and how it can be used that are discussed here –
Size of padding – The padding size is the value by which we want a particular input of certain dimensions to pad. We can describe the padding size starting from the last dimension and moving further. For example, the input with dimensions of [length(padding)/2] will be padded. Let us take one example to understand its works; if you want to pad the input tensor’s last dimension, we can do so by specifying the form of the pad as (left padding, right padding). In the case of the last two dimensions of input, a tensor is to be padded; then, we can specify the padding in the form (left padding, right padding, top padding, bottom padding). Finally, for padding of the last three dimensions of the input tensor, we can specify the padding form (left padding, right padding, top padding, bottom padding, front padding, back padding).
Mode of padding – There are three padding modes: ReplicationPad2d, ReflectionPad2d, and ConstantPad2d. Reflection and replication padding is used for padding the last three dimensions of the tensor input, which is 5D size, while constant padding works for arbitrary dimensions. Reflection and replication also work when padding is done for the two final dimensions of the tensor input having a 4-dimensional size and even the single last dimension of the input tensor having a 3-dimensional size.
PyTorch pad sequencesMost of the sequences containing the text information have variable lengths. Therefore, when we use them in neural networks or architecture, we will have to add the padding for all the inputs you will provide as sequences. Usually, this padding added is 0s at the end of the batch just because the sequence length can be maximized to the length that fits all the data of the same batch.
For example, if we have the text data
It’s a beautiful day
Yes It is
Sure
Here, we can you this data for natural language processing, but in the case of neural networks, we will have to pad the input data at last by any value so that each of the batches maximizes to the length of a sequence of 4. After padding, our data will look like this –
It’s a beautiful day
Yes It is
Sure
PyTorch pad ParametersWe can make the use of pad function by using its syntax or definition of the function, which is –
torch.nn.functional.pad(inputs, padding, mode = "constant", value = 0.0)Various parameters used in the above function definition can be used by using the below-mentioned description –
Inputs: This object is of tensor form and has dimensions of n size.
Pad: It is a tuple value that consists of m elements. The size of m/2 is less than or equal to the specified input tensor’s dimension, and the value of m is always an even number.
Mode: This parameter can have a different value of mode that can be circular, reflect, replicate, and constant. By default, the value is considered constant when not specified.
Value: This is the padding value used for constant padding. By default, the considered value is 0 when not specified.
Examples of PyTorch padLet us understand the implementation of the pad function with the help of one example.
Example #1Code:
sample4DEducbaTensor = torch.empty(3, 3, 4, 2) paddingLastDimension = (1, 1) # for each side padding outputPaddedTensor = F.pad(sample4DEducbaTensor, paddingLastDimension, "constant", 0) # effectively zero padding print (outputPaddedTensor.size())Output:
Example #2 sample2DEducbaTensor = (1, 1, 2, 2) # padding for second last dimension by (2, 2) and last dimension by (1,1) outputPaddedTensor = F.pad(sample4DEducbaTensor, sample2DEducbaTensor, "constant", 0) print (outputPaddedTensor.size())Output:
Example #3Code:
sample4DEducbaTensor = torch.empty(3, 3, 4, 2) p3d = (0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3) # padding for left, right, up, down, backward and front outputPaddedTensor = F.pad(sample4DEducbaTensor, p3d, "constant", 0) print (outputPaddedTensor.size())Output:
ConclusionThe pyTorch pad is used for adding the padding to the tensor so that it can be passed to the neural networks. By default, the value of padding is 0.
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How To Create Pytorch Random With Examples?
Introduction to PyTorch Random
PyTorch random is the functionality available in PyTorch that enables us to get a tensor with random values that belong to the range of 0 to 1. The values are filled using a uniform distribution. In this article, we will try to dive deep into the topic of PyTorch random and understand What PyTorch random is, how to create PyTorch random, alternative PyTorch, PyTorch random examples, and finally provide our conclusion on the same.
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What is PyTorch random? Torch.rand (* size, *, out = None, stype = None, layout = torch. strided, device = None, requires_grad = FalseOutput -The return value of the above function is a tensor object containing random values. Here, the argument named size helps specify the tensor size we want as an output.
Let’s understand various arguments or parameters that we need to pass to the rand function to get a tensor of random values –
Size – This is the integer value that helps specify the shape of the tensor that we get as a resultant and is a sequence of integers. It can be a tuple, list, or any variable number of parameters.
Out – We get the optional parameter and a tensor value as the output.
Device – It is an optional argument and is of the type torch. device. It helps in the specification of the required devices of the output tensor. When not specified, the default value of this argument corresponds to None, which means that the same current device is used for that type of tensor. For example, in the case of CUDA tensor types, the device of CUDA that is currently used is the preferred device, while in the case of CPU tensor types, its corresponding CPU device is referred to by the device.
Generator – It is an optional argument of type torch. Generator and us a pseudo-random number created or generated just for the sampling.
Dtype – It is also an optional argument of type torch. dtype is used to specify the data type we want for the return output tensor. The default value corresponds to None and is a global value when not specified. For more information about this, you can read about the torch. set_default_tensor_type().
Requires_grad – It is an optional argument of Boolean type and has its default value set to false. It specifies whether the auto grad should record all the operations carried on returned tensor.
Layout – It is an optional argument of the torch. Layout type that has its default value set to torch. strode. It helps get the choice of device we want for the output tensor.
How to Create PyTorch random?We can create the PyTorch random tensor containing random values in the range of 0 to 1 simply by importing the torch library in your program and then use the rand function to create your tensor by passing the required size of the output tensor in the parameter. Other optional arguments can also be passed as per your requirement and convenience.
Suppose you want to create a tensor containing random values of size 4, then you can write the statement in your program as a torch.rand(4) after you import the torch at the top. This will create a tensor object having uniformly distributed random values between the range of 0 to 1 of size 4, which means four columns in 1 row.
Alternative PyTorch randomNone of the equivalent alternatives are present for implementing np.random.choice(). You can use the indexing with random integer values or shuffled indexing.
When you want to carry out this without doing any replacement, then you can follow the below steps –
You can go for the generation of n indices that are created randomly.
Further, you can use these indices to index the source tensor object, which is your original tensor.
For example, when you have a tensor named images, you can use the following statement – images [torch.randint(len(images))]
When you want to perform the same task without the involvement of any replacement, then you can follow the below steps –
The index should be shuffled.
Retrieve the first n elements from the tensor.
For example, we will refer to the same scenario above and use the following code.
sampleIndexes = torch.randperm(len(images))[:10] images[smapleIndexes]Suppose you want more information about the torch.randint and torch.randperm, refer to this article.
PyTorch random examplesLet us now consider some examples that will help us understand the implementation of PyTorch random, the rand function.
Example #1We are creating one tensor containing random values and having the shape (2,3)
sampleEducbaTensor1 = torch.rand(2, 3) print(sampleEducbaTensor1)Output:
Example #2We will take one example where we are passing the tuple to define the shape
Code:
sampleEducbaTensor2 = torch.rand((2, 3)) print(sampleEducbaTensor2)Output:
Example #3Let’s create a tensor having four size
sampleEducbaTensor3 = torch.rand(4) print(sampleEducbaTensor3)Output:
Example #4Creating a tensor with the shape of (2,3)
Code:
sampleEducbaTensor4 = torch.rand(2, 3) print(sampleEducbaTensor4)Output:
ConclusionPyTorch random functionality generates a tensor with a random value in nature and between intervals of [0,1]. For this, we will have to use the torch.rand() function and we can specify the desired size and shape of the output tensor we want as a resultant.
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Formula, Examples, How To Use Text Function
TEXT Function
Written by
CFI Team
Published June 18, 2023
Updated July 7, 2023
What is the Excel TEXT Function? Formula=Text(Value, format_text)
Where:
Value is the numerical value that we need to convert to text
Format_text is the format we want to apply
When is the Excel TEXT Function required?We use the TEXT function in the following circumstances:
When we want to display dates in a specified format
When we wish to display numbers in a specified format or in a more legible way
When we wish to combine numbers with text or characters
Examples 1. Basic example – Excel Text FunctionWith the following data, I need to convert the data to “d mmmm, yyyy” format. When we insert the text function, the result would look as follows:
2. Using Excel TEXT with other functionsWe use the old price and the discount given in cells A5 and B5. The quantity is given in C5. We wish to show some text along with the calculations. We wish to display the information as follows:
The final price is $xxx
Where xxx would be the price in $ terms.
For this, we can use the formula:
=”The final price is “&TEXT(A5*B5*C5, “$###,###.00”)
The other way to do it by using the CONCATENATE function as shown below:
3. Combining the text given with data using TEXT functionWhen I use the date formula, I would get the result below:
Now, if we try to combine today’s date using CONCATENATE, Excel would give a weird result as shown below:
What happened here was that dates that are stored as numbers by Excel were returned as numbers when the CONCATENATE function is used.
How to fix it?
To fix it, we need to use the Excel TEXT function. The formula to be used would be:
4. Adding zeros before numbers with variable lengthsWe all know any zero’s added before numbers are automatically removed by Excel. However, if we need to keep those zeros then the TEXT function comes handy. Let’s see an example to understand how to use this function.
We are given a 9-digit product code, but Excel removed the zeros before it. We can use TEXT as shown below and convert the product code into a 9-digit number:
In the above formula, we are given the format code containing 9-digit zeros, where the number of zeros is equal to the number of digits we wish to display.
5. Converting telephone numbers to a specific formatIf we wish to do the same for telephone numbers, it would involve the use of dashes and parentheses in format codes.
Here, I want to ensure the country code comes in brackets (). Hence the formula used is (##) ### ### ###. The # is the number of digits we wish to use.
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Format CodeIt is quite easy to use TEXT Function in Excel but it works only when the correct format code is provided. Some frequently used format codes include:
CodeDescriptionExample
# (hash)It does not display extra zeros#.# displays a single decimal point. If we input 5.618, it will display 5.6.
0 (zero)It displays insignificant zeros#.000 would always display 3 decimals after the number. So if we input 5.68, it will display 5.680.
, (comma)It is a thousand separator###,### would put a thousands separator. So if we input 259890, it will display 259,890.
If the Excel TEXT function isn’t workingSometimes, the TEXT function will give an error “#NAME?”. This happens when we skip the quotation marks around the format code.
Let’s take an example to understand this.
If we input the formula =TEXT(A2, mm-dd-yy). It would give an error because the formula is incorrect and should be written this way: =TEXT(A2,”mm-dd-yy”).
Tips
The data converted into text cannot be used for calculations. If needed, we should keep the original data in a hidden format and use it for other formulas.
The characters that can be included in the format code are:
+ Plus sign
-Minus sign
()Parenthesis
:Colon
{}Curly brackets
=Equal sign
~Tilde
/Forward slash
!Exclamation mark
Less than and greater than
TEXT function is language-specific. It requires the use of region-specific date and time format codes.
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Additional ResourcesIpmt In Excel How To Use Ipmt Function In Excel? (With Examples)
IPMT Function in Excel
IPMT Function calculates a specific portion of interest based on the loan amount and tenure. The syntax of IPMT is quite similar to the syntax of PV Function in Excel, which all have seen earlier. To understand better, IPMT helps used to distinguish between different portions or segments of any loan and to what time how small amount is to be paid based on the interest applicable can be calculated.
IPMT Formula in Excel:
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Explanation of IPMT Function in ExcelThere are six parameters used for the IPMT function. Four parameters are compulsory, and two are optional.
Parameter details are as follows:
Compulsory Parameters:
Rate: The interest rate per period.
Per: The period for which you want to find the interest and must be in the range 1 to n per.
Nper: The total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pv: The present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is worth right now.
Optional Parameters:
[FV]: It is an optional argument. The FV or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If FV is omitted, excel assumes it to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0).
[Type]: This is also an optional argument. The number 0 or 1 indicates when payments are due. If this argument is omitted, Excel assumes it to be 0.
The Type can be 0 or 1, where:
1 = The payment is made at the start of the period.
How to Use the IPMT Function in Excel?IPMT function in Excel can be used as a worksheet function and a VBA Function. Here are some examples of the IPMT functions to understand the working of the IPMT function in Excel.
You can download this IPMT Function in Excel Template here – IPMT Function in Excel Template
Example #1Interest payment made for months 1 and 2 of a loan of $70,000, which is to be paid after 6 years. An interest rate of 6% per year, and the payment to the loan is to be made at the end of each month.
Result is :
To convert the annual interest rate of 6% into the monthly rate (=6%/12) and the number of periods from years to months (=6*12).
Example #2Interest during quarters 1 and 2 of an investment is required to increase investment from $0 to $6,000 over 3 years. The interest rate of 4.5% per year, and the payment into the investment is to be made at the beginning of each quarter.
Result is :
The annual interest rate has been converted into a quarterly rate (4.5%/4)
The number of periods has been converted from years to quarters (=3*4).
The [type]argument has been set to 1 to indicate that the payment will be made at the start of each quarter.
The interest for the first quarter is zero, as the first payment is made at the start of the quarter.
Note:
* Use N%/12 for rate and N*12 for nper when there are monthly payments. N%/4 for rate and N*4 for nper when quarterly payments and N% for rate and N for nper when there are annual payments.
*Cash paid out is shown as negative numbers. Cash received is shown as positive numbers.
Things to RememberBelow are a few error details that can come in the IPMT function as the wrong argument will be passed in the functions.
2. Error handling #VALUE!: IPMT function through a #VALUE! Error when any non-numeric.
VBA Function Example:
The IPMT function can also be used in VBA code.
For example:
Recommended ArticlesThis has been a guide to IPMT in Excel. Here we discuss the IPMT Formula in Excel and how to use the IPMT function in Excel, along with practical examples and downloadable Excel templates. You can also go through our other suggested articles –
How Parents() Function Works With Examples
Introduction to jQuery parents
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Syntax:
$(selector ).parents(filter_expr)Or
$(selector).parents()In the above-given syntax, the jQuery parents() function is applied on a particular element. It is a selector tag where all ancestors are returned when this parent () function is applied to this selector tag. This function does not take any parameters, but still, it is considered optional.
selector: In this, the selector is nothing, but it is an HTML element or tag of which we want the element’s ancestors or grandparent element to be returned.
filter_expr: This is an optional parameter in this function for specifying the selector tag expression to look upwards in the DOM tree for searching with all this selector’s ancestors.
How parents() Function Works with Examples
In jQuery, the parents() function is a built-in function for displaying all the ancestors of the selected HTML tag for which this function needs to be applied. The working of this function is very simple Firstly, it will check for the specified selector tag, followed by the period (dot) operator and the parents() method to this selector tag. This function will traverse the entire DOM tree, where this tree is the representation of elements of the jQuery object.
Therefore parents() function traverses this DOM tree in the upward direction to search all the element’s ancestors such as grandparent element, great grandparent element, etc. are all displayed, which means this function parent () returns all the ancestor elements of the particular selected or matched HTML tag that is specified before the function declaration, and this particular specified selector optionally filters it. This function returns the element set in reverse order for the given multiple DOM having the original set, and the duplicate elements are removed and displayed.
Example #1Code:
.parents_func_body* { display: block; border: 2px solid red; color: red; padding: 5px; margin: 15px; } <script $(document).ready(function() { $(“p”).parents().css({ “color”: “blue”, “border”: “2px solid red” }); });
Output:
In the above example, we have first made the document ready for the web page to be displayed according to the given function in the above code. In this, we are using the .ready() function for making the document ready. Then we specify the parents() function in which “p” the paragraph tag as a selector for this function, which means this function returns all the ancestor elements of the element “P” in the above code. Finally, we are applying the .css() function to properly display each element with described properties. This logic is defined or declared within the script tag, which is within the head tag.
Example #2Now let us see another example for demonstrating the parents() function in which we are passing the optional parameters as some other HTML elements or selectors.
Code:
.main *{ border: 2px solid red; padding: 10px; margin: 10px; } function parents_func(){ $(document).ready(function(){ $(“p”).parents(“li, h2”).css({ “border”: “3px dashed blue”}); }); }
Conclusion – jQuery parentsIn this article, we conclude that the parents() function in jQuery is very simple and is used to search or traverse the DOM tree, which consists of various elements to find out the parent element to help any developer to easily correct or upgrade any details. Similar to this parent () function, which returns all its ancestors elements of any selected element, even the parent() function also returns the direct parent element but not all the ancestors elements.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to jQuery parents. Here we discuss the introduction and how parents() function works with examples, respectively. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Gude To How Does Mysql Alias Works With Examples
Introduction to MySQL Alias
MySQL Alias is used when we are willing to provide an alternate name for the column or table. Temporarily assigning a name for a column or table that is user-friendly and understandable. Alias is mainly used for the column and table. Column Alias gives an alternate name for the column headings, accessible for the end-user to understand. Table aliasing involves assigning alternate names to tables, which makes it more convenient to read and use them, particularly in the context of joins.
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Syntax:
Given below is the syntax of the alias and how it is used in the column and table:
Here in the above syntax, we provide the column name which we want an alternate to be given. “AS” is optional. And at last, we provide the alias name.
Here in the above syntax, we provide the table name we want to give the alternate. “AS” is optional. And at last we provide the alias name.
How does MySQL Alias works?MySQL Alias works in the following way:
1. Column AliasCode:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION ( EMPLOYEE_ID VARCHAR(10), EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR(20), DEPT_ID VARCHAR(10), EMPLOYEE_SAL INT );Now let us insert data into the above table:
Code:
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E1','SAM','D1', 90000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E2','WILL','D1', 80000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E3','SOMY','D1', 50000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E4','FRED','D1', 10000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E5','HARRY','D2', 70000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E6','PONY','D2', 70000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E7','DAVID','D2', 40000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E8','PETER','D3', 30000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E9','RAM','D3', 60000); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION VALUES ('E10','SAI','D3', 50000); select * from EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION;Output:
Now let us give an alias to each column above without an underscore in the column name.
The below example is for the column aliasing:
Code:
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID AS "EMPLOYEE ID", EMPLOYEE_NAME AS "EMPLOYEE NAME", DEPT_ID AS "DEPARTMENT_ID", EMPLOYEE_SAL AS "EMPLOYEE SALARY" FROM EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION;Output:
2. Table AliasA table alias is mainly used when we are performing joins on the table.
Below are the sample table with sample data to show how the alias is performed.
Code:
CREATE TABLE SAMPLE_A ( COL_A INT, COL_B INT );Insert data into the table:
Code:
INSERT INTO SAMPLE_A VALUES (1, 5); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_A VALUES (2, 4); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_A VALUES (3, 3); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_A VALUES (4, 2); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_A VALUES (5, 1); select * from SAMPLE_A;Output:
Now let us create another table.
Code:
CREATE TABLE SAMPLE_B ( COL_A INT, COL_B INT );Insert data into the table:
Code:
INSERT INTO SAMPLE_B VALUES (1, 5); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_B VALUES (2, 4); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_B VALUES (3, 3); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_B VALUES (4, 2); INSERT INTO SAMPLE_B VALUES (5, 1); Select * from SAMPLE_B;Output:
Now let us perform joining on above and use an alias:
a. Without Table alias
Code:
SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_A JOIN SAMPLE_B ON SAMPLE_A.COL_A = SAMPLE_B.COL_AOutput:
b. With Table alias
Code:
SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_A A JOIN SAMPLE_B B ON A.COL_A = B.COL_AOutput:
Examples of MySQL AliasGiven below are the examples:
Example #1 – Column aliasNow let us find the maximum and minimum salary that each department has for the above table which we created earlier.
Code:
SELECT DEPT_ID AS "DEPARTMENT ID", MAX(EMPLOYEE_SAL)AS "MAXIMUM EMPLOYEE SALARY", MIN(EMPLOYEE_SAL)AS "MINIMUN EMPLOYEE SALARY" FROM EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION GROUP BY DEPT_ID;Output:
Example #2 – Table aliasIf we consider a table giving an alternate name for the table is said to be table aliasing.
Code:
SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_A JOIN SAMPLE_B ON SAMPLE_A.COL_A = SAMPLE_B.COL_AOutput:
Here every time mentioning the whole table name in the joining condition would be difficult.
b. With Table alias
Code:
SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_A A JOIN SAMPLE_B B ON A.COL_A = B.COL_AOutput:
Here every time mentioning the whole table name in the joining condition would be difficult. Hence, we have mentioned the alias for the table. SAMPLE_A has alias name as “A”. And SAMPLE_B table has “B” alias.
We could see that ‘AS’ is not written while mentioning the alias.
We can mention alias as below as well:
Code:
SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_A AS A JOIN SAMPLE_B AS B ON A.COL_A = B.COL_AOutput:
ConclusionThings that need to put in mind regarding the MySQL Alias are if you want space to be provided in the alias_name, then we must enclose the alias_name in quotes. Spaces are accepted when we are defining in the column name. However, it is not good practice to use space in the table name aliasing. The alias_name is only valid within the scope of the SQL statement.
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