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Introduction to jQuery val()

JQuery Val() is a type of method used for the operations related to the values of the elements in an HTML based web page. The two operations where this method can be used are to set the value for a given element or to get the value for a given element. One can also used an already defined and declared function to fetch the element property, for which the val() method can be used to set or get the values. The syntax for this method is ‘$(selector).val()’, where val will have the value as a parameter and sometimes the function details wherever applicable.

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Syntax:

$(selector).val() $(selector).val( value )

This method is used to set the value of a selected element.

$(selector).val( function ( index, currvalue ) )

This method is used to set the value of a selected element by using a function.

Parameters:

Value: The value parameter is not an optional parameter, which is used to specify the set value of the attribute.

function ( index, currvalue ): Function ( index, currvalue ) parameter is an optional parameter, which is used to specify the name of a function to execute and return the set value of the attribute.

Examples for the jQuery val()

Below given are the examples of jQuery val():

Example #1 – Without Parameters

Next, we write the html code to understand the jQuery val ( ) method more clearly with the following example where we set the value attribute of the second and third input element with the value content of the first input element –

Code:

$(document).ready(function() { var cont = $(“input”).val(); $(“input”).val( cont ); });

Output:

Example #2 – Single Select Boxes

Next example code where this method is used to get the form’s elements values. The jQuery val( ) method doesn’t accept any arguments and returns an array containing the value of each selected options in a list else returns a NULL value if no option is selected, as in the below code –

Code:

b { color: red; } p { background-color: yellow; margin: 10px; } function fruitdisplayVals() { var fruitValues = $( “#fruit” ).val(); } $( “select” ).change( fruitdisplayVals ); fruitdisplayVals();

Output:

Example #3 – jQuery val() Method with Single and Multiple Select Boxes

In the next example code, we rewrite the above code for jQuery val() method with single and multiple select boxes –

Code:

b { color: red; } p { background-color: yellow; margin: 4px; } function fruitdisplayVals() { var fruitValues = $( “#fruit” ).val(); } $( “select” ).change( fruitdisplayVals ); fruitdisplayVals();

Output:

Now we can select any single fruit option and multiple vegetable options, the output is –

Example #4 – jQuery val() Method with Parameter

Next example code where the jQuery wrap( ) method accepts a string to set the value of each matched element. As shown in the below example –

Code:

$(document).ready(function(){ $(“input:text”).val(“Set Value”); }); });

Output:

Example #5 – jQuery val() Method with Function as Parameter

This method accepts a function as a parameter and sets the value of each matched element.

Code:

$(document).ready(function(){ $(“input:text”).val( function(n,c){ return c+”Set Value”; }); }); });

 Output:

Conclusion

This method is used to get the value of the html element or to set the value of the html element. Syntax for this are –

$(selector).val( )

$(selector).val( value )

$(selector).val( function ( index, currvalue ) )

Value used to specify the set value of the attribute. function ( index, currvalue ) used to specify the name of a function to execute and return the set value of the attribute.

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This has been a guide to jQuery val(). Here we discuss the syntax, parameters, and various examples of jQuery val(). You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –

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Parameters And Examples Of Jquery Addclass()

Introduction to jQuery addClass()

In the following article, we will learn about jQuery addClass(). It will be a bit tough to learn jQuery without having knowledge of the JavaScript programming language. jQuery has many inbuilt methods. This method is one of them. By using the addClass() method, we can add specified class or classes to the selected element from the set of matched elements. The class attributes which already exists in this method does not remove them. This method can take one or more class names. To add more than one class, the class names are separated by a space character.

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Syntax and Parameters of jQuery addClass()

In simple words, we can say that the addClass() method is used to add a class or classes for the element(s). The addClass() method syntax in the jQuery. It is an inbuilt method in jQuery. Syntax for jQuery addClass() method is as follows:

Syntax:

$(selector) .addClass(className [ , duration] [, easing][,options])

Parameters:

It contains some parameters; some of the details of the parameters are:

className: The className should be of string type. It can take one or more class names; spaces separate them.

Duration: The duration can be a string or a number. It can be either a time in milliseconds, or it can be preset. The default value of the duration is 400 milliseconds. It can take slow, fast or normal as a string parameter. This helps us to control the slide animation based on our requirements.

Easing: The easing should be of string type. It is used for transition. The default value is swing.

Function: It is an optional parameter that returns the class names. It takes the index position and class name of an element.

Queue: The queue takes the Boolean value. If the Boolean value is true, it indicates whether to place or not to place the animation. If the Boolean value is false, the animation will take place immediately.

Complete: This function is called once the animation is completed on an element.

Children: Children take the Boolean value. It is helpful to determine which descendant to animate.

Examples to Implement jQuery addClass()

This is a simple example of the addClass() method. In this example, we can observe the addClass() method effect on the paragraph. We have passed the two class names in this example; they are a highlight, and main we can see in the code they are separated by space in the addClass() method.

Example #1

Code:

$(document).ready(function(){ $(“p”).addClass(“highlight main”); }); }); .highlight { font-size: 200%; color: white; display: block; border: 5px solid red; } .main { margin: 100px; background:purple; }

Output:

The paragraph content is in normal font size without background and color, as shown in the below figure.

We can observe in the below image that the font size, background color, border, margin, and the display got applied to the paragraph as we mentioned all of them in the addClass() method in the code.

Example #2

This is another example of the addClass() method by using the function.

Code:

$(document).ready(function(){ $(“li”).addClass(function(n){ return “listitem_” + n; }); }); }); p { margin: 8px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; cursor: pointer; border: 5px solid blue; } .main { background: orange; } .listitem_1, .listitem_3,.listitem_5 { color: Brown; } .listitem_0, .listitem_2 ,.listitem_4{ color: green; } $( this ).addClass( “main” ); });

Output:

Example #3

Code:

$(document).ready(function(){ $(“p”).removeClass(“highlight”).addClass(“main”); }); }); .highlight { font-size: 200%; color: blue; display: block; border: 15px solid Brown; } .main { background-color: violet; }

Output:

These are some of the examples of the addClass() method by using some of the parameters and functions.

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This is a guide to jQuery addClass(). Here we discuss syntax and parameters of jQuery addClass() along with different examples and its code implementation. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –

Examples Of Jquery Ui Switchclass() Method

Introduction to jQuery switchClass()

jQuery switchClass() method used to adds and removes a specific class to matched elements while animating all style changes. The jQuery switchClass() method is a built in method in the jQuery UI library. In simple words the jQuery switchClass() method switch between one CSS class to another CSS class while animating all style changes.

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Syntax and Parameters

The syntax of jQuery with Class() method of jQueryUI version 1.0 is:

switchClass(removeClassName, addClassName [, duration ] [, easing ] [, complete ]);

Parameters:

removeClassName: This parameter specified the names of one or more CSS class which are to be removed and it is passed as a string.

addClassName: This parameter specified the names of one or more CSS class which are to be added to each matched element attribute and it is passed as a string.

duration: This parameter specified the time duration in a millisecond and it is passed as a number or string. The default value of it is 400.

easing: This parameter specified the name of the easing function to be called to the animate() method.

complete: This parameter specified the name of a callback function which is to be called when each element effect is completed.

The syntax of jQuery swithClass() method of jQueryUI version 1.9 support children option also and animate descendant elements also, which is below as –

switchClass(removeClassName, addClassName [, options ]);

Parameters:

removeClassName: This parameter specified the names of one or more CSS class which are to be removed and it is passed as a string.

addClassName: This parameter specified the names of one or more CSS class which are to be added to each matched element attribute and it is passed as a string.

options: This parameter specified the animation settings. Which includes:

duration: This parameter specified the time duration in a millisecond and it is passed as a number or string. The default value of it is 400.

easing: This parameter specified the name of the easing function to be called to the animate() method. The default value of it is swing.

complete: This parameter specified the name of a callback function which is to be called when each element effect is completed.

children: This parameter specified whether the animation applies to all descendants or not of the match elements and it is passed as a Boolean. The default value of it is FALSE.

queue: This parameter specified whether an animation is put in the effects queue or not and it is passed as a Boolean or string. The default value of it is TRUE.

All the above properties are optional.

Examples of jQuery UI switchClass() Method

Next, we write the html code to understand the jQuery UI switchClass() method more clearly with the following example, where the switchClass() method will use to change the style class of the specified element of the selected element, as below.

Example #1

Code:

.s1  { width : 100px; background-color : #ccc; color : blue; } .s2 { width : 200px; background-color : #00f; color : red; } $(document).ready(function() { $( “h1” ).switchClass( “s1”, “s2”, “easeInOutQuad” ); }); });

Output:

Example #2

Code:

.s1  { width: 100px; background-color: #ccc; color : blue; } .s2 { width: 200px; background-color: #00f; color : red; } $(document).ready(function() { $( “h1” ).switchClass( “s1”, “s2”, “fast” ); }); $( “h1” ).switchClass( “s2”, “s1”, “fast” ); }); }); An output of the above code is –

Output:

Example #3

Next example we rewrite the above code where in the jQuery UI switchClass() method use to change the style class with duration parameter, as in the below code.

Code:

.s1  { background-color: #ccc; color : blue; } .s2 { background-color: #00f; color : red; } $(document).ready(function() { $( “h1” ).switchClass( “s1”, “s2”, 3000, “easeInOutQuad”); }); });

Output:

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Everything About Different Stages Of Product Life Cycle And Relevant Examples

blog / Product Design & Innovation Everything About Different Stages of Product Life Cycle and Relevant Examples

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Have you ever wondered while watching TV or using a product about the different stages through which that particular product has gone through? We only talk about a product when it enters the market. However, every product has a life cycle of its own. This is what we will be discussing in this article – the product life cycle. You’ll get to understand what the product life cycle is, the stages of the product life cycle, and product life cycle examples, among other things.

The product life cycle is a continuous process – right from the product’s development and introduction to the time it reaches maturity and eventually declines and retires. You’ll be able to understand these aspects better through product life cycle examples.

In this article, you’ll also see how different stages of the product life cycle work, how product life cycle management helps in the development of the best product, and how the product development life cycle helps companies in optimizing their businesses. Let us begin with closely understanding what a product life cycle is.

What is the Product Life Cycle?

The product life cycle involves the stages through which a product goes from the time it is introduced in the market till it leaves the market. A product life cycle consists of four stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. A lot of products continue to remain in a prolonged maturity state. However, eventually, in every product life cycle, the product eventually phases out from the market. This may be due to several factors such as saturation, competition, decrease in demand, and even reduction in sales. A product life cycle analysis can help companies in creating strategies that enable them to sustain the longevity of a product and even adapt to market conditions.

Benefits of Using the Product Life Cycle

Now that we know what the product life cycle is, we will now look at using the product life cycle for different purposes. The product life cycle is used to determine how products can be marketed to consumers. When a product is successfully introduced in the market during the first stage of the product life cycle, there should ideally be a rise in demand and popularity. When this new product gets established, there is less marketing effort involved. And, when it moves from the maturity stage to the declining stage, the demand also wanes.

Eventually, in the last phase of the product life cycle, the product phases out from the market. This is where an efficient product management life cycle becomes useful for all businesses. Proper product life cycle management ensures that the product does well and reaches the stage of maturity after having been in the market for a prolonged duration.

4 Stages of the Product Life Cycle

To recap, we are now well-versed with what a product life cycle is, why product life cycle management is important, and how the product development life cycle helps businesses. We will now skim through the four stages of the product life cycle and their importance.

Introduction – This is the first stage of the product life cycle. Once a product is developed, the first step is its introduction into the market. During this stage, the product is released into the market for the very first time. This product development life cycle stage is at high stake but does not decide whether the product will be successful or not. Additionally, a lot of marketing and promotional activities are undertaken, and capital is pooled so that the product reaches the consumers. At this stage of product life cycle management, companies are able to understand how users will respond to the product. Precisely, the idea is to create a huge demand.

Growth – In the growth stage, consumers start to take action. They buy the product; the product becomes popular and results in increased sales. There are other companies also that notice the product as it starts getting more attention and revenue. When the competition is heavy, a higher amount of money may be pooled into the market. The market for the product expands and it may also be tweaked at this stage to ensure some features, etc., are improved. Competition may also force you to cut down the prices. Nonetheless, sales increase and therefore the product and market growth.

Maturity – In the maturity stage, sales slow down, indicating that the market has begun to reach saturation. This is also one of the stages of the product life cycle when pricing becomes competitive. This makes the profit margins thinner. In this stage, the purpose of marketing is to fend off competition and sometimes, altered products are introduced.

Decline – While companies make all efforts throughout the different stages of the product life cycle to ensure that it stays alive in the market, an eventual decline cannot be ruled out. This is why it becomes important to know what product life cycle is at first. When a product is in the decline stage, the sales drop due to a change in consumer behaviour and demand. The product loses its market share and competition also deteriorates. Eventually, the product retires from the market.

Examples of the Product Life Cycle

To understand all of these stages, we can take a look at product life cycle examples. These examples will help us understand how a product is introduced and how it goes through different stages. However, if you wish to pursue a career in product life cycle management, these product life cycle examples may not be enough. You’ll have to undertake a product management course which will help you gain more insights into the product life cycle and its management. A few more product life cycle examples are:

Typewriters – Typewriters helped in improving the speed and efficiency of writing. However, with time newer devices such as computers and laptops were introduced, and the demand for typewriters declined. Eventually, they reached maturity and were taken off the market.

Electric vehicles – Electric vehicles are currently in the growth stage, therefore, their demand is picking up.

A Career in Product Management

Different Function Of Linspace In Matlab With Examples

Introduction to Linspace MATLAB

MATLAB is a technical computing language. MATLAB gets its popularity from providing an easy environment for performing and integrating computing tasks, visualizing & programming.

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Hadoop, Data Science, Statistics & others

Uses of MATLAB include (but not limited to)

Computation

Simulation

Modeling

Data analytics (Analysing and Visualizing data)

Prototyping

Application development

Engineering & Scientific graphics

Linspace Function in MATLAB

In this article, we will understand a very useful function of MATLAB called ‘linspace’. This function will generate a vector of values linearly spaced between two endpoints. It will need two inputs for the endpoints and an optional input to specify the number of points to include in the two endpoints.

X = linspace(a1, a2)

Now let us understand this one by one

1. X=linspace(a1,a2)

This function will return a row of a vector of 100(default) linearly spaced points between a1 and a2

a1 and a2 can be real or complex

a2 can be either larger or smaller than a1

If a2 is smaller than a1 then the vector contains descending values

Here is an example to understand this:

Example #1

X = linspace(-1, 1)

It will generate a vector of 100 evenly spaced vectors for the interval [-1, 1]

Output:

Example #2

X = linspace(2, 3)

It will generate a vector of 100 evenly spaced vectors for the interval [2,3]

Output:

Example #3

X = linspace(2, 1)

Here a2 is smaller than a1, it will generate a vector of 100 evenly spaced vectors for the interval [2,1] in descending order

Output:

2. X=linspace(a1,a2,n)

This function will return a row of a vector of “n” points as specified in input for linearly spaced points between a1 and a2. This function gives control of the number of points and will always include the endpoints specified in the input as well.

If n is 1, the function will return a2 as output

If n is zero or negative, the function will return 1by0 empty matrix

Here is an example to understand this:

Example #1

X = linspace(-1, 1, 7 )

It will generate a vector of 7 evenly spaced vectors for the interval [-1, 1]

Output:

Example #2

X = linspace(2,3,5)

It will generate a vector of 5 evenly spaced vectors for the interval [2,3]

Output:

Example #3

X = linspace(2, 3, 1)

Here n = 1, so the function will return a2 input parameter

Output:

Example #4

Here n = 0, so function will return 1X0 empty double row vector

Output:

Vector of evenly spaced Complex numbers

X = linspace(2+2i, 3+3i)

Here a1 and a2 are complex numbers, it will generate a vector of complex numbers for 100 evenly spaced points for the interval [2+21, 3+3i]

Output:

X= linspace(1+1i, 5+5i, 4)

It will generate a vector of complex numbers with 4 evenly spaced point for the interval [1+1i, 5+5i]

Output:

The linspace function in MATLAB provides us with an array/matrix comprising the desired number of values starting from and ending at a declared value. The produced array will have exactly the desired number of terms which will be evenly spaced. The values will be in the range of start and end values passed. So, the linspace function will help us in creating an instantiated matrix or array.

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This is a guide to Linspace MATLAB. Here we discuss the introduction, Linspace Function in MATLAB and Vector of evenly spaced Complex numbers with examples and outputs. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more–

Basics Linux/Unix Commands With Examples & Syntax (List)

File Management becomes easy if you know the right basic command in Linux.

Sometimes, commands are also referred as “programs” since whenever you run a command, it’s the corresponding program code, written for the command, which is being executed.

Let’s learn the must know Linux basic commands with examples:

Listing files (ls)

If you want to see the list of files on your UNIX or Linux system, use the ‘ls’ command.

It shows the files /directories in your current directory.

Note:

Directories are denoted in blue color.

Files are denoted in white.

You will find similar color schemes in different flavors of Linux.

Suppose, your “Music” folder has following sub-directories and files.

You can use ‘ls -R’ to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories

NOTE: These Linux basics commands are case-sensitive. If you enter, “ls – r” you will get an error.

‘ls -al’ gives detailed information of the files. The command provides information in a columnar format. The columns contain the following information:

1st Column

File type and access permissions

2nd Column

# of HardLinks to the File

3rd Column

Owner and the creator of the file

4th Column

Group of the owner

5th Column

File size in Bytes

6th Column

Date and Time

7th Column

Directory or File name

Let’s see an example –

Listing Hidden Files

Hidden items in UNIX/Linux begin with –

at the start, of the file or directory.

at the start, of the file or directory.

Any Directory/file starting with a ‘.’ will not be seen unless you request for it. To view hidden files, use the command.

ls -a

Creating & Viewing Files

The ‘cat’ server command is used to display text files. It can also be used for copying, combining and creating new text files. Let’s see how it works.

To create a new file, use the command

Add content

Press ‘ctrl + d’ to return to command prompt.

How to create and view files in Linux/Unix

To view a file, use the command –

cat filename

Let’s see the file we just created –

Let’s see another file sample2

The syntax to combine 2 files is –

Let’s combine sample 1 and sample 2.

As soon as you insert this command and hit enter, the files are concatenated, but you do not see a result. This is because Bash Shell (Terminal) is silent type. Shell Commands will never give you a confirmation message like “OK” or “Command Successfully Executed”. It will only show a message when something goes wrong or when an error has occurred.

To view the new combo file “sample” use the command

cat sample

Note: Only text files can be displayed and combined using this command.

Deleting Files

The ‘rm’ command removes files from the system without confirmation.

To remove a file use syntax –

rm filename

How to delete files using Linux/Unix Commands

Moving and Re-naming files

To move a file, use the command.

mv filename new_file_location

Suppose we want to move the file “sample2” to location /home/guru99/Documents. Executing the command

mv sample2 /home/guru99/Documents

mv command needs super user permission. Currently, we are executing the command as a standard user. Hence we get the above error. To overcome the error use command.

sudo command_you_want_to_execute

Sudo program allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root.

Sudo command will ask for password authentication. Though, you do not need to know the root password. You can supply your own password. After authentication, the system will invoke the requested command.

Sudo maintains a log of each command run. System administrators can trackback the person responsible for undesirable changes in the system.

guru99@VirtualBox:~$ sudo mv sample2 /home/quru99/Documents [sudo] password for guru99: **** guru99@VirtualBox:~$

For renaming file:

mv filename newfilename

NOTE: By default, the password you entered for sudo is retained for 15 minutes per terminal. This eliminates the need of entering the password time and again.

You only need root/sudo privileges, only if the command involves files or directories not owned by the user or group running the commands

Directory Manipulations

Directory Manipulation in Linux/Unix

Enough with File manipulations! Let’s learn some directory manipulation Linux commands with examples and syntax.

Creating Directories

Directories can be created on a Linux operating system using the following command

mkdir directoryname

This command will create a subdirectory in your present working directory, which is usually your “Home Directory”.

For example,

mkdir mydirectory

If you want to create a directory in a different location other than ‘Home directory’, you could use the following command –

mkdir

For example:

mkdir /tmp/MUSIC

will create a directory ‘Music’ under ‘/tmp’ directory

You can also create more than one directory at a time.

Removing Directories

To remove a directory, use the command –

rmdir directoryname

Example

rmdir mydirectory

will delete the directory mydirectory

Tip: Ensure that there is no file / sub-directory under the directory that you want to delete. Delete the files/sub-directory first before deleting the parent directory.

Renaming Directory

The ‘mv’ (move) command (covered earlier) can also be used for renaming directories. Use the below-given format:

mv directoryname newdirectoryname

Let us try it:

How to rename a directory using Linux/Unix Commands

Other Important Commands The ‘Man’ command

Man stands for manual which is a reference book of a Linux operating system. It is similar to HELP file found in popular software.

To get help on any command that you do not understand, you can type

man

The terminal would open the manual page for that command.

For an example, if we type man man and hit enter; terminal would give us information on man command

The History Command

History command shows all the basic commands in Linux that you have used in the past for the current terminal session. This can help you refer to the old commands you have entered and re-used them in your operations again.

The clear command

This command clears all the clutter on the terminal and gives you a clean window to work on, just like when you launch the terminal.

Pasting commands into the terminal

Many times you would have to type in long commands on the Terminal. Well, it can be annoying at times, and if you want to avoid such a situation then copy, pasting the commands can come to rescue.

Printing in Unix/Linux

How to print a file using Linux/Unix commands

Let’s try out some Linux basic commands with examples that can print files in a format you want. What more, your original file does not get affected at all by the formatting that you do. Let us learn about these commands and their use.

‘pr’ command

This command helps in formatting the file for printing on the terminal. There are many Linux terminal commands available with this command which help in making desired format changes on file. The most used ‘pr’ Unix commands with examples are listed below.

Option Function

-x

Divides the data into ‘x’ columns

-h “header”

Assigns “header” value as the report header

-t

Does not print the header and top/bottom margins

-d

Double spaces the output file

-n

Denotes all line with numbers

-l page length

Defines the lines (page length) in a page. Default is 56

-o margin

Formats the page by the margin number

Let us try some of the options and study their effects.

Dividing data into columns

‘Tools’ is a file (shown below).

We want its content to be arranged in three columns. The syntax for the same would be:

pr -x Filename

The ‘-x’ option with the ‘pr’ command divides the data into x columns.

Assigning a header

The syntax is:

pr -h "Header" Filename

The ‘-h’ options assigns “header” value as the report header.

As shown above, we have arranged the file in 3 columns and assigned a header

Denoting all lines with numbers

The syntax is:

pr -n Filename

This command denotes all the lines in the file with numbers.

These are some of the ‘pr’ command options that you can use to modify the file format.

Printing a file

Once you are done with the formatting, and it is time for you to get a hard copy of the file, you need to use the following command:

lp Filename

or

lpr Filename

In case you want to print multiple copies of the file, you can use the number modifier.

In case you have multiple printers configured, you can specify a particular printer using the Printer modifier

Installing Software

In windows, the installation of a program is done by running the chúng tôi file. The installation bundle contains the program as well various dependent components required to run the program correctly.

Using Linux/Unix basic commands, installation files in Linux are distributed as packages. But the package contains only the program itself. Any dependent components will have to be installed separately which are usually available as packages themselves.

You can use the apt commands to install or remove a package. Let’s update all the installed packages in our system using command –

sudo apt-get update

The easy and popular way to install programs on Ubuntu is by using the Software center as most of the software packages are available on it and it is far more secure than the files downloaded from the internet.

Also Check:- Linux Command Cheat Sheet

Linux Mail Command

For sending mails through a terminal, you will need to install packages ‘mailutils’.

The command syntax is –

sudo apt-get install packagename

Once done, you can then use the following syntax for sending an email.

mail -s 'subject' -c 'cc-address' -b 'bcc-address' 'to-address'

This will look like:

Press Cntrl+D you are finished writing the mail. The mail will be sent to the mentioned address.

Summary:

You can format and print a file directly from the terminal. The formatting you do on the files does not affect the file contents

In Unix/Linux, software is installed in the form of packages. A package contains the program itself. Any dependent component needs to be downloaded separately.

You can also send e-mails from terminal using the ‘mail’ network commands. It is very useful Linux command.

Linux Command List

Below is a Cheat Sheet of Linux/ Unix basic commands with examples that we have learned in this Linux commands tutorial

Command Description

ls Lists all files and directories in the present working directory

ls – R

Lists files in sub-directories as well

ls – a

Lists hidden files as well

ls – al

Lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions, size, owner, etc.

Creates a new file

cat filename

Displays the file content

Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3)

mv file “new file path”

Moves the files to the new location

mv filename new_file_name

Renames the file to a new filename

sudo

Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root

rm filename

Deletes a file

man

Gives help information on a command

history

Gives a list of all past basic Linux commands list typed in the current terminal session

clear

Clears the terminal

mkdir directoryname

Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at the specified path

rmdir

Deletes a directory

mv

Renames a directory

pr -x

Divides the file into x columns

pr -h

Assigns a header to the file

pr -n

Denotes the file with Line Numbers

lpr c

Prints “c” copies of the File

lp -d

lpr -P

Specifies name of the printer

apt-get

Command used to install and update packages

mail -s ‘subject’ -c ‘cc-address’ -b ‘bcc-address’ ‘to-address’

Command to send email

mail -s “Subject” to-address < Filename

Command to send email with attachment

Download Linux Tutorial PDF

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