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A 2023 Statista survey revealed that 25% of online students in the U.S.—current, prospective, and former—expressed concerns about balancing their education with family, work, and household obligations. It can be a challenge to find the time to study while juggling your professional and personal life, particularly if you’re learning remotely. It therefore becomes important to be an efficient and effective learner, especially when you are a working professional trying to juggle an online course. And to achieve success in this endeavor, you need to absorb and retain as much knowledge as possible while managing time efficiently.

If you’re wondering how to enhance your learning ability, chart out an effective study plan, and execute it successfully to attain your learning objectives, read on and find out!

What are the Five Habits of Highly Effective Learners?

The ability to learn effectively is influenced by a variety of different habits such as being organized, paying attention to detail, and managing time efficiently. To become successful learners, especially in an online setting, students will benefit by inculcating the following traits:

1. Get Organized

One of the most important habits of highly effective learners is being organized. They can keep track of their assignments, deadlines, and schedules, prioritize tasks, and manage their time well. Being organized helps learners to stay on top of their studies as well as ensure that they complete their assignments on time.

2. Be Meticulous

Another important habit of successful learners is being meticulous. A meticulous learner pays attention to detail and can identify patterns, connections, and trends in the information they are gaining. They can effectively analyze and evaluate the information they receive, which helps them to retain it better. Being meticulous also helps learners to identify and course correct quickly.

3. Manage Time Effectively

Time management is the process of effectively allocating time between different tasks. It involves setting goals, creating a schedule, and sticking to it. Time management skills are crucial for learners to be able to balance their studies with other commitments such as work and family responsibilities.

4. Have a Clear Plan

Clear planning helps learners to stay organized and on top of their tasks. Clear planners can break down large projects into smaller tasks and prioritize them. Moreover, they can also set themselves deadlines, and successfully meet them through effective time management and developing the ability to multitask.

5. Be Prepared to Adapt

ALSO READ: Top 8 Career Resolutions and Effective Tips to Stick to Them in 2023

How to Develop These Five Habits?

Now that you know what it is that is needed to be an effective learner, find out what you can do to be one yourself. In this section, we look at the steps you can take to scale up your learning ability to help you maximize your learning outcomes.

1. Start with Decluttering

To get organized, start by decluttering your space. This can be your home, office, or even your computer. Get rid of anything that you no longer need or use. Once you have decluttered, create an organized system for everything that you need. This could be labeling or color-coding your files, folders, even storage containers.

2. Pay Attention to Minute Details

The first step to becoming meticulous is to pay close attention to the minute details. This means taking the time to evaluate your learning methods, double-checking your assignments, and being mindful of the progress you are making. Given that this habit will take time and effort to develop, start by focusing on one thing at a time and slowly work your way into other areas.

3. Create a Schedule and Stick to it

To improve your time management skills, start by creating a schedule—a daily, weekly, or monthly one. Make sure to include everything that you need to do, including the professional and the personal. Also make sure you find time to relax. Once that’s done, stick to it as much as possible. If you find that you are still constantly running out of time, try to streamline your tasks and learning methods.

4. Maintain a Weekly/Monthly Planner

To become a clear planner, you need to first create a learning plan, set goals, and follow through with them. Make a list of the tasks you need to achieve, such as your weekly or monthly to-do list, to attain your learning goals. Prioritize the tasks you have scheduled by their order of importance. Thereafter, make sure to check your list regularly and update it as needed if your goals or priorities change.

5. Be Open to Change

To become agile and ready to adapt, you need to be open to change. To develop this attitude, try to approach new situations with an open mind and be willing to consider different perspectives. Practice being proactive instead of reactive. This way, you’ll be able to anticipate and adapt to changes more effectively.

Importance of Managing a Healthy Work-Life-Study Balance

It’s necessary to strike a balance between the time you spend on work, your personal life, and education. All three are crucial for a fresh mind that will further enhance your learning ability. The benefits of a work-life-study balance include:

1. Improved Physical and Mental Health

Maintaining a healthy work-life-study balance helps avoid excessive stress and burnout caused due to overwork. Moreover, it helps to improve mental and physical health as well as reduce the risk of stress-related illnesses such as hypertension or heart disease.

2. Increased Productivity

You can focus entirely on successfully finishing the assigned tasks at work, leading to enhanced organizational productivity. Moreover, this will help you meet more work targets and enhance your performance.

3. Strong Relationships

A balance between work, personal life, and education allows you to spend more time with family and friends. This, in turn, increases happiness and peace of mind and can even motivate you to perform better professionally.

4. Improved Learning Ability

Maintaining a healthy work-life-study balance allows you to focus effectively on optimizing your learning goals. Since you are no longer stressed due to overworking, you can concentrate better on your studies, thus making it possible to gain a deep understanding of subjects, retain valuable information, and derive better learning outcomes.

ALSO READ: Emeritus Global Career Impact Survey Shows 94% of Learners See a Positive Impact on Their Career

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Methods And Need Of Branch Accounting

Definition of Branch Accounting

Branch Accounting is an accounting system that provides bookkeeping strategies for the branches of a firm or a business that are established in different areas for expanding the coverage and sales from the business, where each branch is treated as a different entity.

Different books of accounts are maintained for them individually.

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Explanation

To expand the business and increase sales volume, many firms carrying out their business open many other small shops (branches) in different locations. These shops are called Branches, and the main firm is Head Office. The head office is a different entity and keeps its own bookkeeping records. Similarly, the branches are treated as different entities, and book keeping of the same must be maintained. Branch Accounting provides the methods and ways to properly maintain the records and guidelines for preparing financials.

Objectives of Branch Accounting

Must be aware of the cash flow the branches produce and their financial situation.

To know the profit & loss generated by branches and the financial position of the individual branches.

To know and evaluate the performance of individual branches and compare them with other branches to find the optimal practices for the required growth.

How Does It Work?

In the Branch accounting system, all the branches and head office are treated as separate entities, and accordingly, the books of accounts are maintained. Branch Account is a nominal ledger account where all the income, expenditures, Assets, and liabilities are maintained and tallied. A branch account is open for a particular period (financial year period). Upon the completion of the period, the balances in the branch account are transferred to the Head office account (profit or loss of the period is transferred to the head office account), and the branch account is carried with NIL Balance up until the next period starts.

Methods

There are several methods available for the system depending upon the nature of the branches as well as the system of accounting, or bookkeeping opted for the branches (i.e., dependent branch, independent branch). The most common methods used for branch accounting are as follows:

Debtors Method

Stock and Debtors Method

Final Accounts method

Wholesale Branches Method

Income Statement System

Examples

To understand the concept furthermore, let’s take an example.

Following details are provided for a branch of the company. Prepare the branch account in the head office account of the company.

Opening stock at Branch 15000

Opening Debtors at Branch 25000

Opening Petty cash at Branch 500

Goods sent to Branch 200000

Cash sales 50000

Received from Debtors 200000

Expenses:

Salary 7000

Rent 1000

Petty Cash 1000

Closing stock at Branch 30000

Closing Debtors at Branch 50000

Closing Petty cash at branch 100

Solution:

Branch Account

Particulars

Amount

Particulars

Amount

To Opening Balance b/d

By Cash

Stock

15,000.00

Cash Sales

Debtor

25,000.00

Received from Debtors

2,00,000.00

Petty Cash 500.00 By closing balance c/d

To Goods sent to branch

2,00,000.00

Debtor

50,000.00

To Bank Account

Petty Cash

100.00

Salary

7,000.00

Stock

Rent

1,000.00

Petty expense

1,000.00

To Profit & Loss Account (Profit)

80,600.00

Branch Accounting Format

Proforma Branch Account

Particulars

Amount

Particulars

Amount

To Opening Balance b/d

By Bank Account (Cash Remitted) XXXX

Stock XXXX By Return to HO XXXX

Debtor XXXX By closing balance c/d

Petty Cash XXXX Cash XXXX

To Goods sent to the branch XXXX Debtor XXXX

To Bank Account

Petty Cash XXXX

Salary XXXX Fixed Assets XXXX

Rent XXXX Prepaid Expenses XXXX

Sundry Expenses XXXX Stock XXXX

To Profit & Loss Account (Profit) XXXX By Profit & Loss Account (Loss) XXXX

(The format could be adjusted per the suitable requirements and the nature of the branch accounting method opted.)

Need for Branch Accounting

The need for branch accounting arises to ascertain the profitability of a branch to determine the scalability of business over at that place of business. If the business seems to fail, the management can decide to close the business in that area, and in case it looks scalable, the company may expand business in that area or open more branches. The separate accountability provides the running cost of the business in that area, the profit-making capability of the branches, and a comparison for finding the optimal business activities to follow.

Advantages

The ability to maintain distinct financial records and books of accounts for various branches is provided by branch accounting.

Branch accounting helps identify the profitability of different branches and determine the requirements of different branches as per their requirements.

Branch accounting enables the head office to find out the progress reports of different branches and find out the most optimal method for making the required profitability for the business.

Branch accounting requires different branches to maintain their books of accounts, and for the same staff, workforces need to be hired, which may cost the business significantly.

The cost also increases due to duplication of responsibility and staff at different branches.

The Branch accounting results in decentralized decision-making and is not solely dependent upon the Head office, which may result in a longer time for any decision. The decision may create conflicts as the same decision may not be made by the Head office and the Branch office.

Conclusion

The Branch Accounting system requires the introduction of a lot of funds for managing the activities of the branches of a business company where the companies have several branches and accounting of all those branches is maintained. In the system, both the Head office & branches are treated as separate entities and helps to evaluate the performance of the branches as well as the comparison between the different branches.

How To Record Audio (Music) From Youtube: 5 Easy Methods

These applications help you to quickly convert and download a video to MP3 audio file. There are many other options like YouTube to MP3 converters, YouTube mobile apps, webcams, professional sound recording equipment, etc., that can be used to record music from YouTube videos.

Below are ways to capture audio from YouTube videos:

How To Measure Execution Time In R (5 Methods + Examples)

Measuring the execution time is common in programming to get a better idea of how a program or a part of the code is performing.

This is a comprehensive guide to measuring the elapsed time in R. In this guide, there are some built-in mechanisms and examples of popular libraries’ ways of computing the execution times.

Here’s a short overview of the approaches you will learn in this guide:

Sys.time()

system.time()

Tictoc library

Microbenchmark Library

Rbenchmark Library

Let’s take a closer look at these methods and see some examples.

Method 1: Use Sys.time()

An easy way to measure the execution time of a piece of code is by using the built-in Sys.time() function.

To measure the execution time with the Sys.time() function:

Call Sys.time() before the part of code you want to measure and store the time instance into a variable.

Run the piece of code whose execution time you want to measure.

Call Sys.time() again and store the time instance to a variable.

Subtract the last Sys.time() call from the first Sys.time() call. This returns a description of the time difference between these two instances of time.

Here’s an example code where I measure the time of a function called example_func:

example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(5) } start <- Sys.time() example_func() end <- Sys.time() print(end - start)

Output:

Time difference of 5.000719 secs Method 2: Use system.time()

Another way to measure the execution time in R is by using the system.time() function. Unlike the Sys.time() function, the system.time() function takes an expression, evaluates it, and measures the elapsed time.

Here’s an example of measuring how long it takes to run an example function:

example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(5) } system.time({example_func()})

Output:

user system elapsed 0.001 0.000 5.018

But what do these values mean? To put it short, the elapsed column reveals the time it took to run your code.

Here’s a more specific breakdown of the returned values:

user. This is the user CPU time spent by the current R session.

system. This is the system CPU time that the operating system spent on behalf of the current process.

elapsed. The execution time of the actual code you are measuring.

Method 3: Use tictoc Library

Thus far, you’ve seen examples of measuring the execution time with built-in mechanisms. Sometimes using an external library to measure elapsed time can be handy as it makes code readable and intuitive.

One example of such a library is the tictoc library.

Notice that you need to install the tictoc library first before you can use it.

The idea of the tictoc function is to make measuring the elapsed time easy and readable:

Call tic() to start the clock.

Run some code.

Call toc() to stop the clock.

Calling toc() shows the elapsed time in the console.

Here’s an example of measuring the execution time of a sample function in R:

library(tictoc) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(3.5) } tic() example_func() toc()

Output:

3.525 sec elapsed Method 4: Use microbenchmark Library

Another library you might want to consider to measure the execution time of your program is the microbenchmark library.

To then use this library to measure the elapsed time, you need to run code inside the microbenchmark() function call.

This function not only returns the time it took to execute your code but also some useful details, such as minimum time, maximum time, median elapsed time, and such based on the numerous runs the function performs.

For example:

library(microbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.1) } microbenchmark(example_func())

Output:

Unit: milliseconds expr min lq mean median uq max neval example_func() 100.1813 100.4506 101.3933 100.5973 100.8105 142.5669 100

Let’s take a quick look at the returned values:

expr is the code expression you want to find the execution time for.

min is the minimum amount of time it took to run the code out of the numerous tries.

lq is the lower quartile, that is, 25% of the runs took at most this amount of time to run.

mean is the average execution time.

median is the median time it took to run the code.

uq is the upper quartile, that is, 75% of the runs took at most this amount of time to run.

max is the maximum amount of time that the code ran.

neval is the number of evaluations which is 100 by default.

To change the number of times the code is timed, specify the optional times parameter in the microbenchmark() function call.

For example, let’s only do 10 runs:

library(microbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.1) } microbenchmark(example_func(), times=10)

Output:

Unit: milliseconds expr min lq mean median uq max neval example_func() 100.3563 100.6037 103.1201 100.6237 100.7375 125.16 10

Using the microbenchmark library offers a great replacement for the system.time() function thanks to the level of detail it gives you about the code execution.

Method 5: Use rbenchmark Library

rbenchmark is another useful timing library for measuring execution times. rbenchmark is a great alternative to the system.time() function is the rbenchmark library.

Once again, you need to install this library before using it!

Very similar to the previous examples, the rbenchmark library comes with a built-in timing function, benchmark(). This function takes the piece of code you want to time as an argument. It then returns a bunch of data related to the runs it performed.

Notice that this method returns the total amount of time elapsed. By default, the function runs your code 100 times. So for example, if your code takes 1 second to run, this method returns an elapsed time of 100 seconds because it runs the code 100 times.

For example, let’s measure the execution time of an example function.

library(rbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.2) } benchmark(example_func())

Output:

test replications elapsed relative chúng tôi sys.self 1 example_func() 100 20.183 1 0.1 0

As another example, let’s change the number of runs to 10 from the 100 default:

library(rbenchmark) example_func <- function() { Sys.sleep(0.2) } benchmark(example_func(), replications=10)

Output:

test replications elapsed relative chúng tôi sys.self 1 example_func() 10 2.036 1 0.02 0 Summary

Today you learned how to measure the execution time of your program in R.

A simple and native way to measure elapsed time is by using the system.time() function or the Sys.time() function.

If you want to make the code more clean, you use the tictoc library. It makes computing the execution time easy by using the tic() and toc() function calls.

To get more details about the elapsed time, you can use a library like rbenchmark or microbenchmark.

Thanks for reading. Happy coding!

Reliability Measures: Meaning And Methods

Reliability is the concept that any meaningful findings ought to be repeatable. It must be possible for other researchers to conduct the same experiment under identical circumstances and produce the same outcomes. This will support the findings and guarantee that all researchers will accept the theory. The prerequisites of testability have not been fully met by experiment and research without this repetition of statistically significant results. This condition must be met for a hypothesis to become a recognized scientific truth. It is generally acceptable to believe that the instruments will maintain true and exact time and are trustworthy.

To reduce the likelihood of a malfunction and maintain the validity and reliability of their data, scientists, however, take measurements repeatedly. On the other hand, any experiment that relies on human judgment will always be questioned. Individual observers may judge things differently based on the time of day and their current mood, which makes human judgment unpredictable. This implies that such experiments are intrinsically less trustworthy and harder to repeat. In order to assess an experiment’s overall validity and strengthen the conclusions, reliability is a crucial component.

What is Reliability?

Reliability is the consistency of your measurement or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same conditions with the same individuals. In a nutshell, it is the reproducibility of the measurement. A measure is deemed dependable if a person’s score on the same test given twice is similar. It is critical to remember that reliability is not measured but rather inferred. For example, if a test is designed to assess a certain feature, such as neuroticism, it should produce consistent findings each time it is performed. A test is deemed trustworthy if the same result is obtained several times.

Methods of Estimating Reliability

There are several ways of estimating the reliability of an instrument. Various procedures can be classified into two groups −

External Consistency Procedures

Internal Consistency Procedures

External Consistency Procedures

External consistency procedures compare findings from two independent data collection processes with each other to verify the measure’s reliability.

Test Re-test Reliability

The most common strategy for determining test reliability is performing the same test on the same sample across two periods. In this example, the reliability coefficient is the correlation between the score earned by the same person on two administrations of tTest-retest reliability is assessed when the same test is administered to the same assessed. As a result, it refers to the consistency of a test over two separate periods and administrations. This strategy is based on the premise that the measurement of the construct in issue would remain the same after administration several times. The time gap between measures is crucial; the shorter the time gap, the better the correlation value, and vice versa. If the test is trustworthy, the scores obtained on the first administration should equal those obtained on the second. The two administrations’ relationship should be favorable.

Parallel Forms Reliability

Parallel-Forms Alternate forms reliability, similar form reliability, and comparable form reliability are all terms for reliability. The reliability of parallel forms compares two equivalent forms of a test that assess the same property. The components used in the two formats are different. However, the guidelines for selecting objects of a specific difficulty level are the same. When two exam versions are available, the performance of one can be compared to the performance of the other. On occasion, the two forms are given to the same set of persons on the same day.

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is utilized as an estimate of reliability. When two exam versions are available, the performance of one can be compared to the performance of the other. The two forms are given to the same set of persons on the same day. As an estimate of reliability, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is utilized. The only causes of variance when both versions of the exam are administered on the same day are random error and the difference between the forms of the test.

The two formats of the test are sometimes administered at separate periods. In these circumstances, the error associated with time sampling is also included in the reliability estimate. One of the most stringent examinations of reliability widely used is the approach of parallel forms. Unfortunately, parallel forms are used less frequently than would be ideal. It is frequently difficult for test engineers to

Unfortunately, parallel forms are used less frequently than would be ideal. It is sometimes difficult for test engineers to create two versions of the same test, and practical restrictions make retesting the same set of folks problematic. On the other hand, many test developers base their estimation or reliability on a particular type of test. Psychologists only sometimes have two versions of a test available, and they frequently have one test form and must assess the reliability of a specific collection of items. There are several approaches to assessing the various causes of variance within a single test. One way is to divide the test into subcomponents and examine its internal consistency.

Internal Consistency Procedures

The idea behind internal consistency procedures is that items measuring the same phenomena should produce similar results. Following internal consistency procedures are commonly used for estimating reliability −

Split-Half Method

The split-half approach is another popular method for checking the reliability of measuring instruments for internal consistency. A test is given, divided into halves, and evaluated separately in the split-half technique. The score of one half of the test is compared to the score of the remaining half to assess the reliability. Divide the exam into halves first in the split-half approach. The most typical method is to allocate odd-numbered objects to one side of the test and even-numbered things to the other, known as Odd-Even reliability. 2nd- Using the Pearson r method, determine the correlation of scores between the two halves. Third, use the Spearman-Brown formula to adjust or revise the correlation, which further boosts the estimated reliability.

Comparison of Reliability Estimators

Cronbach’s Alpha is beneficial when there are many objects. Test-retest reliability is commonly used in experimental and quasi-experimental methods. This is also dependent on the string of availability of a control group, assessed on two distinct dates. Only when a post-test is performed will information on reliability be available. As a result, each of the estimators will produce a different estimate for reliability. Due to engagement in measurement at different periods or with multiple raters, test-retest, and inter-rater reliability estimates are often less valuable than parallel forms and internal consistency.

How to Improve Reliability?

There are two techniques to increase the reliability of measurement devices.

By standardizing the measurement circumstances, we must guarantee that external causes of variance, such as boredom, exhaustion, and so on, are eliminated to the greatest extent feasible to increase the stability aspect.

By carefully creating measuring directions that are consistent from group to group, by using skilled and motivated researchers, and by expanding the sample of items used to increase equivalence.

Conclusion

In psychological testing, reliability refers to the property of measurement consistency. There are several levels of reliability. To assess the consistency of psychological test scores, utilize the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. This type of reliability is known as test-retest reliability. Alternate-forms reliability is calculated by connecting scores on two comparable forms given to a wide group of diverse participants in a counterbalanced method. Split-half reliability, in which results on half tests are connected, and coefficient alpha, which may be thought of as the mean of all potential split-half coefficients, are two internal consistency approaches to reliability. Interscorer reliability is required for examinations that involve examiner judgment to award scores.

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